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MARIE SOPHIE DAUCHEZ (3)

En documentació que la besnéta ha trobat per altres bandes, llegeix que el Livret d'ouvrier va fer-se obligatori molt aviat, el 1804, just després que Napoleó es proclamés Emperador. El livret substituïa els documents que durant el segle XVIII alguns gremis donaven als seus artesans i aprenents, on indicaven entre altres coses el grau que havien assolit dins la professió. Per tant, el nou livret imperial volia ser un pas endavant cap a la societat moderna que s'estava creant, ja que ara era l'Estat i no les antigues confraries qui identificava els treballadors, però era una arma de doble tall, perquè el control sobre els obrers quedava institucionalitzat.

Es fixa també que en lleis successives es va anar perfilant el control policial que havia d'exercir el livret. L'havia de tenir en regla tot treballador empleat a "manufactures, fàbriques, factories, mines, jaciments, pedreres, obres, tallers i altres establiments industrials" (ja no sap quins "altres" podien quedar per enumerar) o que treballés "a casa seva per a un o diversos patrons", o sigui que estava previst que només se n'escapessin pagesos i servei domèstic. Hi havia d'estar apuntat el nom de l'amo per al qual estigués treballant i, a l'acomiadar-se, l'amo havia d'anotar-hi una mena de saldo i finiquito. S'endevina en els diversos articles de la legislació que, si el treballador havia demanat setmanades per avançat i marxava abans d'estar al dia, el livret delatava el deute. A la llei del 1854 s'hi diu que en cap cas s'hi escriuran comentaris favorables o desfavorables a l'obrer, la qual cosa indica que se n'hi escrivien, i que segurament hi havia hagut pressions perquè el tal livret fos menys inquisitiu. Un altre punt interessant és que de primer només va ser obligatori per als homes, mentre que al 1854 ja ho és per a "l'un i l'altre sexe", després que a Lyon es generalitzés el treball femení en el món de la seda. Però, de Lyon, se'n parlarà més endavant d'aquesta història.

Veu que aquest document servia també de passaport interior i l'autoritat competent hi havia d'estampar un visat si un volia desplaçar-se a un lloc determinat dins de França, i no s'hi valia de canviar de parer a mig camí i anar a una comarca diferent de la que figurava al visat. A més, no es podia obtenir el visat si feia un any que no es treballava enlloc, i menys encara si no s'havia obtingut el saldo i finiquito de l'últim amo. Aquests articles -l'11 i el 12, senyores meves-, tot i que no porten cap títol que digui "Els cantamanyanes, a casa", són molt clars.

Recordatori, per si esteu perdent la perspectiva: el livret no és obligatori per als français, només ho és per als ouvriers, la qual cosa farà que d'aquí una mica haguem de parlar de vagues, revoltes i sindicats.

Sorprèn llegir que aquest document va ser abolit el 1890, sabent que la nostra besàvia se'l va fer set anys més tard, al 1897. Sembla que el livrets encara es continuaven expedint anys després de la seva supressió oficial, que les autoritats els continuaven demanant i que, fins i tot, alguns "bons" treballadors l'exigien per no ser presos per rodamóns i detinguts quan emigraven d'aquí cap allà. Això explicaria que la Marie només hi tingui anotada una mestressa, Mademoiselle Pecqueux, ja que probablement haviar estat treballant sense livret i només se'l va fer per poder obtenir el passaport. I segurament també resulta que a l'Ajuntament de Sangatte no s'estaven per modernitats de lleis que suprimien documents pensats amb tant de seny i, a més, eren partidaris del Vuelva Vd. mañana.

Comença a (Marie Sophie Dauchez 1) i continua a (Marie Sophie Dauchez (4)

Escrit per Eulàlia Petit el 3/11/2005 | Commentaris (148) | Seguir el fil (TrackBack)

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